Posts tagged with optics

Post by Darcy Peterka (Columbia University/Yuste lab):

We do a bunch of multiple imaging/uncaging experiments with 2+ lasers, and got tired of constantly taking apart the camera/laser ports to switch lenses and dichroics. This setup allows easy inspection of the conjugate planes to the sample and back aperture. These are just Thorlabs cubes (C4W) with the kinematic cage platforms (B4C) and dichroics holders (FFM1). They aren’t the most precise pieces, but they are easy to use and align, and are quite flexible. The upper lens off to the left is on a translator to allow easy compensation of the longitudinal chromatic aberration of the microscope for the different colors on the beam paths (~800nm and 1064nm), which would otherwise kill us during our experiments.

Depending on the objective, laser combo, we may have to move up to a centimeter. Part of the long travel required is because the divergence properties of our 1064nm fiber lasers seem to change more often than we’d like, so we end up doing compensation. I could off-load that task to another telescope, but it is easy enough to change here. Assuming everything is perfectly collimated beams, the difference in axial focus of the 60x 1.1 NA objective is two microns with 800nm and 1064nm light – large enough to screw up experiments with neuronal spines and dendrites.

Structured illumination can be used to increase the resolution of wide field fluorescence imaging. The idea is best motivated by thinking about Moire fringes. In panel (a) below, if you stand away from the screen at some point the two gratings will appear each as gray panels rather than gratings. Thus, this low spatial frequency pattern is revealing information that exists beyond the resolving power. This technique can offer at least a doubling of spatial resolution, and in the presence of nonlinear saturation effects, can theoretically offer unlimited resolution.

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Need a 1W blue laser for activating channelrhodopsin? This is a very inexpensive and relatively simple project to do yourself. Buy the kit here. The web page is not a stellar example of design, but the video above is easy enough to follow.

Starting with an inexpensive but overbuilt metal flash light, a laser diode and optics are fitted, along with an upgrade to the power supply to source the 1A needed for the diode. The diode itself is about $55, the total price is under $200.

It might not be rock stable, but even the $3000 solid state lasers I’ve used flicker like crazy. For many applications, this is tolerable.

The usual Labrigger disclaimer applies.

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Microscope objectives, in particular, the water-dipping variety so common in physiology and imaging labs, get dirty. Salts build up on them, traces of drugs stick to them, and biological membranes accumulate. It’s best to clean them regularly to preserve their optical properties.

In ascending order of desperation, here are the steps to take to clean objectives. Stop ascending the list once you get the objective clean enough.
1) Don’t let them get dirty.
2) Use compressed air.
3) Use water.
4) Use water + lens paper.
5) Carefully use chemicals like ethyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol.

Never use acetone or other strong solvents. They’ll ruin the coatings.
Never use Kimwipes. They can sometimes have small particulate matter that will scratch optics.
Never rub dry.

In addition to regular cleaning, careful storage can help as well. Objectives typically come in plastic cylinders that can serve as excellent storage. Fill the bottom of the container with a bit of clean water, just enough to cover the tip of the objective. This way, any salt residue or other biological traces will be leached off of the objective and into the bath. It’s no substitute for cleaning of course, but it beats sitting out in the open air letting all of the salt crystalize.

Edmund Optics has a tutorial on cleaning optics that is worth checking out.

Coherent’s tutorial on cleaning optics covers the Drop and Drag method, as well as the Hemostats and Lens Tissue method.

Look at this transmission spectrum from Semrock. It’s a nearly perfect step function. You want to know about the optical density outside of the transmission band? Over 7 outside of the 500-550nm band. This is the new GFP-1828A from Semrock. They have some new FITC filters too.

I recently covered some alternative optomechanics sources beyond the usual suspects like ThorLabs and Newport. Here are a couple of less well known optomechanics shops.

The unfortunately named Eksma Optics has a wide variety of optics and mechanics, including some unusual brackets and a vertical positioner I found interesting.

The less imaginatively named opto-mechanics.co.uk delivers what it promises: optomechanics in the UK. Notably, these may be the lowest priced opto-mechanics I’ve seen lately.

Low magnification, high numeric aperture (NA) microscope objectives are popular choices for multiphoton imaging. They offer excellent light collection properties, a wide field of view, and still permit high resolution imaging. However, they are challenging to design optically. Different manufactures have settled on different engineering compromises.

For example, Leica’s 20x/1.0NA objective is optically magnificent. I’ve been impressed with Leica’s coatings in the past, particularly for IR transmission, and they still outperform the competition. However, the thing is simply massive. It weighs 411 grams, and is 38 mm in diameter. It has a respectable 38 degree access angle, for getting pipettes underneath, but with only 2 mm of working distance, there isn’t much room for movement.
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